Example 4

原文：The Mayans also showed their respect for hurricanes by building their major settlements away from the hurricane-prone coast-line.

题目：The Mayans lost many of their major settlements because of hurricanes.

分析：尽管题目和原文中有对应的词出现：The Mayans和major settlements，但是题目中的因果关系在文章中并没有体现。也没于出现有关“lost”的相应表述。因此我们可以判断此题为not given。

2. What is the keyword？ 什么是关键词

Select ONE keyword from each of the following：

从以下的句子中划出一个关键词：

Networking is not a modern idea.

People fall into two basic categories.

All teachers are cynics.

The first piece of Hesse’s art has little effect on visitors to the gallery.

The New Forest has already been made into a National Park.

Suggested answers：

参考答案：

not

two

all

little or perhaps first

already

The suggested answers I’ve given may not seem that obvious to the students who would possibly consider keywords such as ‘modern’ or ‘New Forest’ as more significant. However， the keywords shown have a greater significance in terms of the meaning of the whole statement and illustrate a number of traps in the test. For instance：

我所给出的参考答案又有可能对学生来说不是那么明显。学生有可能认为诸如”modern”或”New Forest” 这一类关键词更重要一些。但是，根据整个题目的意义来说，参考答案所给出的关键词更加重要，而且体现了考试出题的陷阱。请看以下例子的分析：

‘not’ makes the statement negative as opposed to possibly being positive in the text

‘two’ determines a specific number of categories which may differ in the text.

‘all’ determines that every teacher is a cynic and not a proportion of.

‘little’ has a negative connotation as opposed to ‘a little’ another one to watch out for is ‘few’ and ‘a few’

‘already’ shows that the New Forest was made into a National Park in the past and is not a future proposal i.e. an indication of past， present or future time.

These examples hence illustrate the importance of looking out for： negativity， a specific number， the whole or a proportion of， positive and negative connotation and reference to time. Other ones to watch out for include：

这些例子搜寻以下关键词的重要性：否定词，具体的数字，限定范围的词，具有肯定或否定意义的词和时间指示词。其他的需要搜寻的关键词包括：

l Modals e.g. words like must， should， have to （varying degrees of obligation or certainty）

情态动词（表示不同程度的义务和确定性）

l Adverbs of frequency e.g. sometimes， always

频率副词，如sometimes， always

l Words such as most， some， all

诸如most， some， all等限定词

3. 同义转换能力 （Paraphrasing Ability）

A paraphrase is a restatement of a paragraph， sentence， or word.

我们通过对一道TRUE/YES考题的分析来掌握同义转换能力。

EXAMPLE

The original sentence （文章原句）：

“Until recently， criminologists could not afford to analyze DNA evidence for all homicide cases.”

An effective paraphrase of this sentence（题目中的同义转换）：

“Crime labs now can use DNA for all murder cases.”

NOTE： This paraphrase utilizes synonyms to replace key words. Some are very close （DNA vs. DNA evidence and homicide vs. murder）， while others take more liberties （criminologists vs. crime labs and could not vs. now can）。 The essential meaning has been retained， however， despite these significant changes.

通过上述的分析，朗阁海外考试研究中心总结出以下四种同义词转换技巧：

◆ replace a Phrase with a Word （or a Word with a Phrase） 单词词组转换

Until recently转换成了now，criminologists转换成了Crime labs

◆ Start the Sentence Differently 句型结构转换

原句采用了Until recently……criminologists could not的结构， 而在题目中的运用了Crime labs now can……的结构

◆ Replace a Word with a Synonym 同义词转换

同义词转换包含了词汇转换的内容，但更注重的是对于单词本身的替换。

上面例子中最明显的同义词替换就是homicide和murder。另外analyze和use的替换也属于这种情况。

◆ Change Passive into Active Voice/Negative Slant to Positive 主动被动转换/ 否定肯定转换

这种转换方式和句型结构的转换有相似的地方，但更注重表达方式的理解。如”until recently……could not afford to analyze……” 转换成了”……now can use……”

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